Brotula
Brotulas are a family, Bythitidae, of ophidiiform fishes, also known as viviparous brotulas as they bear live young. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world. They are small fishes, around 5 centimetres (2.0 in) to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length, and live in surface waters or around reefs.[1]
A few species are freshwater: for example, the Mexican blind brotula, Ogilbia pearsei, is found in caves and sinkholes in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.
In recent years many new species have been added to this family. In 2007 8 new genera with 20 new species were described in a single paper by Danish and German scientists.[2]
Genera and species
There are more than 100 species in some 36 genera:
- Genus Acarobythites
- Acarobythites larsonae Machida, 2000.
- Genus Anacanthobythites Anderson, 2008[3]
- Anacanthobythites platycephalus Anderson, 2008[3]
- Anacanthobythites tasmaninensis Anderson, 2008[3]
- Genus Beaglichthys
- Beaglichthys bleekeri Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Beaglichthys larsonae Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993.
- Genus Bellottia
- Bellottia apoda Giglioli, 1883.
- Bellottia armiger (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Genus Bidenichthys
- Genus Brosmodorsalis
- Genus Brosmolus
- Brosmolus longicaudus Machida, 1993.
- Genus Brosmophyciops
- Slimy cuskeel, Brosmophyciops pautzkei Schultz, 1960.
- Genus Brosmophycis
- Red brotula, Brosmophycis marginata (Ayres, 1854).
- Genus Brotulina
- Brotulina erythrea (Fowler, 1946).
- Dusky brotulid, Brotulina fusca Fowler, 1946.
- Genus Bythites
- Bythites fuscus (Fowler, 1946).
- Bythites gerdae Nielsen & Cohen, 1973.
- Bythites islandicus Nielsen & Cohen, 1973.
- Genus Calamopteryx
- Longarm brotula, Calamopteryx goslinei Böhlke & Cohen, 1966.
- Calamopteryx jeb Cohen, 1973.
- Teacher brotula, Calamopteryx robinsorum Cohen, 1973.
- Genus Cataetyx Günther, 1887
- Cataetyx alleni (Byrne, 1906).
- Cataetyx bruuni (Nielsen & Nybelin, 1963).
- Cataetyx chthamalorhynchus Cohen, 1981.
- Cataetyx hawaiiensis Gosline, 1954.
- Cataetyx laticeps Koefoed, 1927.
- Cataetyx lepidogenys (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Hairlip brotula, Cataetyx messieri (Günther, 1878).
- Brown brotula, Cataetyx niki Cohen, 1981.
- Cataetyx platyrhynchus Machida, 1984.
- Rubynose brotula, Cataetyx rubrirostris Gilbert, 1890.
- Cataetyx simus (Alcock, 1892).
- Genus Dactylosurculus Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Dactylosurculus gomoni Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Dermatopsis
- Dermatopsis greenfieldi Møller & Schwarzhans, 2006.[4]
- Dermatopsis hoesei Møller & Schwarzhans, 2006.[4]
- Dermatopsis joergennielseni Møller & Schwarzhans, 2006.[4]
- Fleshfish, Dermatopsis macrodon Ogilby, 1896.
- Dermatopsis multiradiatus McCulloch & Waite, 1918.
- Genus Dermatopsoides
- Dermatopsoides andersoni Møller & Schwarzhans, 2006.[4]
- Orange brotula, Dermatopsoides kasougae (Smith, 1943).
- Dermatopsoides morrisonae Møller & Schwarzhans, 2006.[4]
- Lesser orange brotula, Dermatopsoides talboti Cohen, 1966.
- Genus Diancistrus
- Diancistrus longifilis Ogilby, 1899.
- Genus Didymothallus Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Didymothallus criniceps Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Didymothallus pruvosti Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Dinematichthys
- Dinematichthys dasyrhynchus Cohen & Hutchins, 1982.
- Yellow pigmy brotula, Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Bleeker, 1855.
- Dinematichthys indicus Machida, 1994.
- Dinematichthys megasoma Machida, 1994.
- Dinematichthys minyomma Sedor & Cohen, 1987.
- Hump-backed dwarf brotula, Dinematichthys randalli Machida, 1994.
- Dinematichthys riukiuensis Aoyagi, 1954.
- Genus Diplacanthopoma Günther, 1887
- Diplacanthopoma alcockii Goode & Bean, 1896.
- Diplacanthopoma brachysoma Günther, 1887.
- Diplacanthopoma brunnea Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Diplacanthopoma japonicus (Steindachner & Döderlein, 1887).
- Diplacanthopoma jordani Garman, 1899.
- Diplacanthopoma kreffti Cohen & Nielsen, 2002.
- Diplacanthopoma nigripinnis Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924.
- Diplacanthopoma raniceps Alcock, 1898.
- Diplacanthopoma riversandersoni Alcock, 1895.
- Genus Dipulus
- Dipulus caecus Waite, 1905.
- Dipulus hutchinsi Møller & Schwarzhans, 2006.[4]
- Dipulus norfolkanus Machida, 1993.
- Genus Eusurculus Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Eusurculus andamanensis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Eusurculus pistillum Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Eusurculus pristinus Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Fiordichthys
- Genus Grammonoides
- Bighead brotula, Grammonoides opisthodon (Smith, 1934).
- Genus Grammonus
- Grammonus ater (Risso, 1810).
- Reef-cave brotula, Grammonus claudei (de la Torre y Huerta, 1930).
- Purple brotula, Grammonus diagrammus (Heller & Snodgrass, 1903).
- Grammonus longhursti (Cohen, 1964).
- Grammonus nagaredai Randall & Hughes, 2009[5]
- Grammonus robustus Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Grammonus thielei Nielsen & Cohen, 2004.
- Grammonus waikiki (Cohen, 1964).
- Grammonus yunokawai Nielsen, 2007.[6]
- Genus Gunterichthys
- Gold brotula, Gunterichthys longipenis Dawson, 1966.
- Genus Hastatobythites
- Hastatobythites arafurensis Machida, 1997.
- Genus Hephthocara
- Hephthocara crassiceps Smith & Radcliffe, 1913.
- Hephthocara simum Alcock, 1892.
- Genus Lapitaichthys Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Lapitaichthys frickei Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Lucifuga
- Genus Majungaichthys Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Majungaichthys simplex Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Mascarenichthys Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Mascarenichthys heemstrai Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Mascarenichthys microphthalmus Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Melodichthys
- Melodichthys hadrocephalus Nielsen & Cohen, 1986.
- Melodichthys paxtoni Nielsen & Cohen, 1986.
- Genus Microbrotula
- Microbrotula bentleyi Anderson, 2005.
- Microbrotula greenfieldi Anderson, 2007[7]
- Microbrotula polyactis Anderson, 2005.
- Microbrotula punicea Anderson, 2007.[7]
- Microbrotula queenslandica Anderson, 2005.
- Microbrotula randalli (Machida, 1994).
- Microbrotula rubra Gosline, 1953.
- Genus Monothrix
- Monothrix mizolepis (Günther, 1867).
- Monothrix polylepis Ogilby, 1897.
- Genus Ogilbia
- Key brotula, Ogilbia cayorum Evermann & Kendall, 1898.
- Deroy's cuskeel, Ogilbia deroyi (Poll & van Mol, 1966).
- Galapagos cuskeel, Ogilbia galapagosensis (Poll & LeLeup, 1965).
- Mexican blind brotula, Ogilbia pearsei (Hubbs, 1938).
- Gulf cuskeel, Ogilbia ventralis (Gill, 1863).
- Ogilbia suarezae Møller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2005.
- Genus Parabrosmolus
- Parabrosmolus novaeguineae Machida, 1996.
- Genus Paradiancistrus
- Paradiancistrus lombokensis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Pseudonus
- Pseudonus acutus Garman, 1899.
- Pseudonus platycephalus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1913).
- Pseudonus squamiceps (Lloyd, 1907).
- Genus Saccogaster
- Saccogaster hawaii Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
- Saccogaster maculata Alcock, 1889.
- Saccogaster melanomycter Cohen, 1981.
- Saccogaster normae Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
- Saccogaster parva Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
- Saccogaster rhamphidognatha Cohen, 1987.
- Saccogaster staigeri Cohen & Nielsen, 1972.
- Saccogaster tuberculata (Chan, 1966).
- Genus Stygnobrotula
- Black widow, Stygnobrotula latebricola Böhlke, 1957.
- Genus Thalassobathia
- Thalassobathia nelsoni Lee, 1974.
- Thalassobathia pelagica Cohen, 1963.
- Genus Thermichthys
- Thermichthys hollisi (Cohen, Rosenblatt & Moser, 1990).[8]
- Genus Tuamotuichthys
- Tuamotuichthys bispinosus Møller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2004.[9]
- Tuamotuichthys marshallensis Nielsen, Møller & Randall, 2006.[10]
- Genus Ungusurculus Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Ungusurculus collettei Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Ungusurculus komodoensis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Ungusurculus philippinensis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Ungusurculus riauensis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Ungusurculus sundaensis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Ungusurculus williamsis Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Genus Zephyrichthys Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
- Zephyrichthys barryi Schwarzhans & Møller, 2007.[2]
References
- ^ Neilsen, Jørgen G. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Schwarzhans & Møller (2007). "Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-West pacific. Part III. Beaglichthys, Brosmolus, Monothrix and 8 new genera with description of 20 new species.". The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 23: 29–110.
- ^ a b c M. E. Anderson (2008). "A new genus with two new species of live-bearing brotulas (Teleostei: Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae) from southern Australia.". Species Diversity 13 (2-3): 149–156.
- ^ a b c d e f Møller & Schwarzhans (2006). "Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei, Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Pacific. Part II. Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus with description of six new species.". Beagle 22: 39–76.
- ^ John E. Randall & Marc James Hughes (2009). "Grammonus nagaredai, a New Viviparous Marine Fish (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae) from the Hawaiian Islands". Pacific Science 63 (1): 137–146. doi:10.2984/1534-6188(2009)63[137:GNANVM]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Nielsen (2007). "Grammonus yunokawai (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae), a new marine cavefish from the Ryukyu Islands". Ichthyological Research 54 (4): 374–379. doi:10.1007/s10228-007-0412-4.
- ^ a b M. Eric Anderson (2007). "Two New Microbrotula (Teleostei: Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae) from the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, with a Revised Key to the Species". Species Diversity 12: 1–8.
- ^ http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=398418
- ^ Møller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen (2004). "Tuamotuichthys bispinosus, a new genus and species from off Tuamotu Islands, South Pacific Ocean (Ophiidiformes, Bythitidae)". Ichthyological Research 51 (2): 146–152. doi:10.1007/s10228-004-0210-1.
- ^ Nielsen, Møller & Randall (2006). "Tuamotuichthys marshallensis, a new species of fish (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) from the Marshall Islands". Steenstrupia 29 (2): 169–173.